Designing for Everyone: A Guide to the 7 Principles and 8 Goals of Universal
Design
I. Introduction: What is Universal Design?
Defining Universal Design: Designing for All, from the
Outset
Universal Design (UD) represents a transformative philosophy
centered on creating products and environments that are inherently usable by
all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or
specialized design.1 This foundational approach ensures that the
diverse needs of potential users are considered and integrated from the very
inception of a design project, rather than being addressed as an afterthought
or through costly modifications later on.3
The concept of Universal Design was first articulated in the
mid-1980s by Ronald Mace, a prominent architect and advocate for people with
disabilities. Mace's pioneering work focused on advancing the design of
barrier-free buildings, laying the groundwork for a broader understanding of
inclusive environments.2 His personal journey as a polio patient who
used a wheelchair profoundly influenced his vision for a built environment that
inherently accommodates everyone, moving beyond mere compliance to foster true
usability for all.8 This historical context underscores that
Universal Design is not merely a set of technical specifications but a
fundamental shift in design philosophy. It moves beyond simply meeting legal
mandates to embedding inclusive thinking at the conceptual stage. This
proactive stance, originating from Mace's work, implies a more seamless,
dignified, and ultimately more effective outcome for all users, as it avoids
the costs and stigma associated with later modifications.
The Vision of Inclusivity: Beyond Accessibility
Compliance
A critical distinction of Universal Design is its holistic
ambition, setting it apart from minimum accessibility standards, such as those
mandated by the Australian Disability (Access to Premises – Buildings)
Standards 2010 (Premises Standards) and the Building Code of Australia (BCA).
While these requirements aim to serve people with disabilities by dictating
specific design features, Universal Design takes a broader view, striving to
create spaces that are welcoming and functional for everyone.4 It
proactively considers the full spectrum of human diversity, encompassing
variations in age, physical ability, sensory perception, cognitive capacity,
language, and cultural background.10
The core vision is to achieve a single design solution that
can be accessed and used seamlessly by the widest possible demographic, thereby
fostering genuine inclusiveness and equity across society.2 This
approach recognizes that by designing for the extremes of human ability and
diversity, Universal Design inadvertently creates better experiences for the
mainstream. For instance, automatic sliding doors benefit not only wheelchair
users but also parents pushing strollers, individuals carrying heavy loads, or
those who might have difficulty opening traditional doors.2 This
phenomenon, often referred to as the "curb cut effect," illustrates
that design solutions addressing specific accessibility needs often have
unexpected and widespread benefits across the general population. This means
that designing for the widest possible range of users inherently leads to a
more convenient, safer, and more enjoyable environment for everyone, making it
inherently "good design".2
Why Universal Design Matters for Public Spaces
The application of Universal Design principles in public
buildings, facilities, events, and information systems yields profound
benefits. It dramatically increases accessibility and inclusivity, not only for
individuals with permanent disabilities but also for a wide array of other
users. This includes parents navigating with strollers, older adults with
reduced mobility, individuals recovering from temporary injuries (like a broken
leg), people carrying heavy items, and those with diverse linguistic or cultural
backgrounds.2
Beyond mere compliance, UD significantly enhances the
overall user experience, contributes to greater safety by minimizing hazards,
and expands the potential reach and appeal of public services and spaces. From
an economic standpoint, adopting UD can lead to long-term cost savings by
reducing the need for expensive retrofits and adaptations.4
Ultimately, universally designed spaces are more flexible, efficient, and
comfortable, often translating into higher value and longevity for public
infrastructure.4 Furthermore, Universal Design plays a vital role in
promoting public health by creating activity-friendly communities that
encourage walking, cycling, and social interaction.4 It also
empowers individuals to "age in place," maintaining their
independence and connection to their communities as they grow older.4
This comprehensive benefit profile demonstrates that investing in Universal
Design for public spaces is a strategic investment that builds societal
resilience, reduces long-term operational costs, and fosters economic vitality
by maximizing participation and minimizing the need for costly retrofits or
specialized services.
II. The 7 Principles of Universal Design: Guiding
Inclusive Design
The 7 Principles of Universal Design were compiled in 1997
by a working group of architects, product designers, engineers, and
environmental design researchers at the Center for Universal Design at North
Carolina State University (NCSU), led by Ronald Mace.2 This
framework serves as a comprehensive guide for a wide array of design
disciplines, from physical environments and products to communications. These
principles are invaluable for evaluating existing designs, informing new design
processes, and educating both designers and consumers about the characteristics
of truly usable and inclusive environments. It is crucial to understand that
these principles are not intended to encompass all criteria for "good
design" (which might include aesthetics, cost, or cultural
appropriateness), but specifically focus on ensuring "universally usable
design".3
Principle 1: Equitable Use
Definition: This principle dictates that the design
must be useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities, ensuring it
avoids disadvantaging or stigmatizing any group of users. The ideal is to
provide the same means of use for all users, striving for identical experiences
whenever possible, and equivalent experiences when identical is not feasible.
Furthermore, provisions for privacy, security, and safety should be equally
available and appealing to everyone.2
Application & Examples in Public Contexts:
- Public
Buildings/Facilities: Automatic sliding doors at building entrances
are a prime example. They benefit not only wheelchair users but also
parents pushing strollers, individuals carrying heavy loads, or those who
might have difficulty opening traditional doors, providing a single,
dignified point of entry for all.2
- Public
Facilities: Wide gates at subway stations or public transportation
turnstiles are designed to accommodate all users, including those with
wheelchairs, large luggage, or accompanying children, ensuring everyone
can pass through without special assistance or separate routes.3
- Events:
In a public park hosting an event, scattering accessible parking spaces
throughout the park, strategically located near various activity areas,
rather than concentrating them in a single, designated
"accessible" lot, ensures equitable and convenient access to
different parts of the event or facility for all attendees.5
- Information:
A public-facing website or digital information portal that is fully
accessible to people who are blind (e.g., through robust screen reader
compatibility, proper alt-text for images, and logical navigation)
provides equitable access to information for all citizens.17
This principle's emphasis on providing identical or
equivalent means of use for all users, without segregation or stigmatization,
promotes social cohesion. When a universally designed entrance, such as a wide,
gently sloping ramp, allows everyone to enter a building the same way, it
eliminates the need for separate or "special" entrances for people
with disabilities.21 This subtle yet powerful design choice
normalizes diversity and fosters a collective, shared experience, which is
fundamental to building an inclusive and respectful community.
Principle 2: Flexibility in Use
Definition: The design must accommodate a wide range
of individual preferences and abilities. This means offering choice in methods
of use, allowing for adaptability to the user's pace, and facilitating accuracy
and precision. It also includes accommodating both right- and left-handed
access, recognizing the diversity in human motor skills and preferences.2
Application & Examples in Public Contexts:
- Public
Buildings: Public service counters or library workstations that
feature height-adjustable sections allow users to customize their
interaction, whether they are seated in a wheelchair, standing, or are of
short stature.20
- Public
Facilities: A community meeting room or multi-purpose hall designed
with modular or reconfigurable layouts and movable furniture can be easily
rearranged to suit different group sizes, activities (e.g., lectures,
workshops, social gatherings), or individual preferences for seating
arrangements.13
- Events/Facilities:
Public aquatic centers or beaches that incorporate zero-entry designs (a
gradual slope into the water) offer more flexible and dignified entry
options than traditional ladders or lifts, benefiting swimmers of all
abilities, including those using wheelchairs or parents with young
children.5
- Information:
Public parking ticket machines or vending machines that offer payment
slots and interactive screens at multiple heights accommodate users at
standing height, sitting height, and those of small stature, providing
flexibility in how information (payment instructions) is processed and
actions are performed.23
The inherent adaptability of flexible designs builds in
resilience against future changes in user demographics, technological
advancements, or unforeseen needs. By offering choices in how a space or
product is used, such as adjustable furniture or reconfigurable layouts, the
design can evolve without requiring costly overhauls. This foresight allows
public spaces to remain relevant and usable as populations age, new
technologies emerge, or societal needs shift, thereby extending the lifespan of
the design and offering long-term economic benefits by avoiding expensive
future adaptations.
Principle 3: Simple and Intuitive Use
Definition: This principle ensures that the use of
the design is easy to understand, regardless of the user's experience,
knowledge, language skills, or current concentration level. This involves
eliminating unnecessary complexity, being consistent with common user
expectations and intuition, accommodating a wide range of literacy and language
skills, arranging information logically based on its importance, and providing
effective prompting and feedback during and after task completion.2
Application & Examples in Public Contexts:
- Public
Buildings/Facilities: Public facilities like hospitals or large
government buildings with clear, consistent signage and intuitive
wayfinding systems (e.g., color-coded zones, logical numbering) help users
navigate the space easily, reducing confusion, anxiety, and the need for
assistance.13
- Public
Facilities: Level-entry (step-free) entrances to buildings are
inherently simple and intuitive. They are universally understood as a
clear, unobstructed path for everyone, eliminating the need for users to
interpret complex instructions or search for alternative accessible
routes.14
- Events:
An event registration process that utilizes simple, universally recognized
icons (e.g., a checkmark for completion) and provides clear, concise
instructions (e.g., on a digital kiosk or printed guide) ensures ease of
use for all attendees, regardless of their technological familiarity or
language proficiency.13
- Information:
A public information kiosk or a coffee machine in a public space that
provides both an audible alert and a flashing visual signal (e.g., a
coffee cup icon) to indicate that a drink is ready ensures that critical
information is understood across different sensory abilities and cognitive
levels.20
The emphasis on "easy to understand" and
"eliminating unnecessary complexity" means that simple and intuitive
design significantly reduces cognitive load for all users. This leads to less
stress, fewer errors, and a safer, more efficient experience, particularly in
high-stakes or unfamiliar public environments. For individuals with cognitive
impairments, language barriers, or even those simply in a hurry, clear,
consistent signage and multi-modal cues prevent confusion and minimize the
chance of misinterpretation or errors under pressure, benefiting everyone.
Principle 4: Perceptible Information
Definition: The design must communicate necessary
information effectively to the user, regardless of ambient conditions or the
user's sensory abilities. This is achieved by using different modes (pictorial,
verbal, tactile) for redundant presentation of essential information, ensuring
adequate contrast between information and its surroundings, maximizing
legibility, differentiating elements in ways that can be easily described, and
providing compatibility with various techniques or devices used by people with
sensory limitations.2
Application & Examples in Public Contexts:
- Public
Buildings: Public restrooms with universal symbols (pictograms)
alongside written text and tactile braille signage ensure that critical
information is perceptible to users with varying language skills, literacy
levels, or visual impairments.13
- Public
Facilities: Airports and train stations effectively communicate
directions and alerts through redundant cueing, such as voice
announcements paired with large, high-contrast digital signage, and
tactile paving on floors to guide visually impaired individuals.3
- Events:
Videos shown at public events or in visitor centers are universally
perceptible when they include both captions for the deaf/hard of hearing
and audio descriptions for the blind/low vision, ensuring all attendees
can access the visual and narrative content.6
- Information:
Street-crossing signals that provide both audible cues (e.g., a bird
chirping or a verbal countdown) and visual cues (e.g., a walking person
icon or a flashing light) ensure that crucial safety information is
perceived by individuals with visual or hearing impairments.8
Providing information through multiple sensory channels, or
redundancy, makes the design more robust and resilient to varying environmental
conditions (e.g., noise, poor lighting) and individual sensory limitations. If
a fire alarm relies only on sound, it fails for deaf individuals; if only
visual, it fails for blind individuals. A multi-modal alarm (audible, visual,
tactile vibration) ensures the message is conveyed even in challenging
environments or for users with sensory impairments. This makes the system
inherently more reliable and safer for the entire population.
Principle 5: Tolerance for Error
Definition: The design minimizes hazards and the
adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions. This encompasses
arranging elements to minimize errors (e.g., making most used elements most
accessible, eliminating or shielding hazardous elements), providing clear
warnings of potential hazards and errors, incorporating fail-safe features, and
discouraging unconscious action in tasks that require vigilance.2
Application & Examples in Public Contexts:
- Public
Buildings/Facilities: Aisles in public spaces such as retail stores,
libraries, or museums are kept wide and clear of protruding product
displays or clutter, significantly reducing the risk of accidental
collisions or falls for users with mobility impairments or visual challenges.20
- Public
Facilities: Emergency exits in buildings are not only clearly marked
with high-contrast, illuminated signs but also include tactile pathways
leading to them and audible alarms, minimizing confusion and danger during
an evacuation, especially in low visibility conditions.10
- Events:
A public festival or outdoor event space employs clearly defined,
protected pathways for pedestrians, cyclists, and vehicles, with clear
warnings (e.g., rumble strips, contrasting colors on the ground) at
transition points to prevent accidental incursions or collisions.25
- Information:
Digital kiosks or interactive displays in public spaces provide immediate,
clear feedback for user selections and offer "undo" options or
confirmation prompts before irreversible actions (e.g., purchasing
tickets), thereby minimizing user errors and frustration.17
Designing for error tolerance not only enhances safety for
users but also leads to long-term operational efficiencies and cost savings. By
proactively anticipating and mitigating common human errors (e.g., misreading a
sign, tripping, operating a device incorrectly), the design prevents accidents.
This translates to reduced liability, fewer emergency responses, less damage to
property, and a more positive user experience, ultimately saving resources and
improving an organization's reputation.
Principle 6: Low Physical Effort
Definition: The design can be used efficiently and
comfortably, requiring a minimum of fatigue. This is achieved by allowing users
to maintain a neutral body position, requiring only reasonable operating
forces, and minimizing repetitive actions or sustained physical effort.2
Application & Examples in Public Contexts:
- Public
Buildings: Lever handles on doors and faucets, instead of traditional
knobs, require less grip strength and can be operated with a closed fist
or elbow, significantly benefiting individuals with arthritis, carpal
tunnel syndrome, or limited hand dexterity.3
- Public
Facilities: Ramps with gentle slopes, seamlessly integrated into
entrances or pathways instead of stairs, provide a path that requires less
physical exertion for anyone pushing a stroller, using a wheelchair, or
recovering from an injury, making movement effortless for all.8
- Events/Public
Spaces: Strategically placed benches with backrests and armrests along
walking trails, within public parks, or at bus stops allow individuals to
rest comfortably, reducing fatigue for older adults, parents, or those
with limited stamina, encouraging longer engagement with the space.8
- Information:
Touch-activated interfaces on public information screens or light
switches, rather than requiring precise button pushes or sustained
pressure, reduce physical effort and make interaction more accessible for
a wider range of users.3
Minimizing physical effort in public spaces encourages
broader participation in community activities and promotes healthier, more
active lifestyles for a wider demographic. The emphasis on "minimum
fatigue" and "reasonable operating forces" directly translates
to increased usability for individuals who are older, parents with strollers,
or those with temporary limitations. This directly links to the concept of
"activity-friendly communities" and "improving public health,"
demonstrating a significant positive ripple effect on community well-being and
engagement.8
Principle 7: Size and Space for Approach and Use
Definition: Appropriate size and space are provided
for approach, reach, manipulation, and use, regardless of the user's body size,
posture, or mobility. This principle includes ensuring a clear line of sight to
important elements for both seated and standing users, making reach to all
components comfortable, accommodating variations in hand and grip size, and
providing adequate space for the use of assistive devices or personal
assistance.2
Application & Examples in Public Contexts:
- Public
Buildings: Wide doorways (e.g., into locker rooms, restrooms, or
office cubicles) and clear floor space around amenities like water
fountains, mailboxes, or service counters ensure ample room for wheelchair
users, individuals with service animals, or those carrying large items.3
- Public
Facilities: Roll-in showers in public recreation centers or accessible
restrooms are designed with sufficient space to accommodate individuals
using wheelchairs or requiring assistance from a caregiver, ensuring
privacy and ease of use.5
- Events:
Seating arrangements at public events or in a coffee shop offer a variety
of options, such as tables with clear knee space for wheelchair users,
chairs with removable armrests, or booths that accommodate different body
sizes and group configurations.20
- Information:
Public information displays or interactive kiosks are designed with
components (e.g., screen, card reader, button panel) at heights accessible
from both seated and standing positions, and with clear, unobstructed
space around them for easy approach and interaction.3
Thoughtful spatial design, beyond mere compliance, empowers
individuals to navigate and interact with environments independently and with
dignity. By ensuring "clear line of sight" and "comfortable
reach" for any user, and providing "adequate space for assistive
devices or personal assistance," designs can eliminate the need for users
to struggle or ask for help.19 This directly impacts a person's
sense of autonomy and dignity in public spaces, moving beyond basic access to
truly enabling seamless and comfortable participation.
The "Seamless Integration" Ideal: Universal
Design as Invisible Excellence
A key measure of successful Universal Design is when its
features are so well-integrated into the overall environment that they are not
perceived as distinct "accessible" elements, but simply as intrinsic
qualities of good, functional design that benefit everyone.4 This
concept is often described as "the best accessibility is the one that goes
unnoticed".24 This approach moves beyond mere functionality to
emphasize elegance and dignity. When accessibility is seamlessly integrated, it
avoids stigmatizing users who rely on those features, fostering a sense of
normalcy and belonging for all. This implies that designers should strive for
solutions that enhance the overall design and user experience for the broadest
population, rather than creating separate or visually distinct accommodations
that might inadvertently signal "special needs."
Principles as Actionable and Adaptable Guidelines for
Diverse Public Contexts
The 7 Principles are described as guiding "a wide range
of design disciplines including environments, products and
communications".3 This demonstrates their foundational and
versatile nature. They are not rigid rules confined to a single domain but
rather adaptable guidelines that can be creatively applied across the diverse
array of public contexts. For instance, "Perceptible Information" is
illustrated by airport signage 3 but also by video captioning for
events.6 "Flexibility in Use" applies to adjustable
furniture in offices 13 and zero-entry pools in public facilities.5
This makes them incredibly valuable for understanding their real-world
application to public buildings, facilities, events, and information,
underscoring their utility as a universal toolkit for fostering inclusivity.
Table 1: The 7 Principles of Universal Design at a Glance
|
Principle |
Brief Definition |
Concise Example (Public Context) |
|
1. Equitable Use |
The design is useful and marketable to people with diverse
abilities, avoiding segregation or stigmatization. |
Automatic sliding doors at building entrances benefit
everyone, from wheelchair users to parents with strollers. |
|
2. Flexibility in Use |
The design accommodates a wide range of individual
preferences and abilities, offering choice in methods of use. |
Height-adjustable public service counters allow
comfortable interaction for seated or standing users. |
|
3. Simple and Intuitive Use |
The design is easy to understand, regardless of user
experience, knowledge, language, or concentration level. |
Clear, consistent signage with universal pictograms in
public buildings helps all users navigate easily. |
|
4. Perceptible Information |
The design communicates necessary information effectively,
regardless of ambient conditions or user's sensory abilities. |
Public transit announcements that are both audible and
displayed on high-contrast screens. |
|
5. Tolerance for Error |
The design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences
of accidental or unintended actions. |
Wide, uncluttered aisles in public libraries reduce the
risk of accidental collisions or falls. |
|
6. Low Physical Effort |
The design can be used efficiently and comfortably, with
minimum fatigue. |
Lever-style door handles and push-plate faucets require
less grip strength than traditional knobs. |
|
7. Size and Space for Approach and Use |
Appropriate size and space are provided for approach,
reach, manipulation, and use, regardless of user's body size, posture, or
mobility. |
Roll-in showers in public recreation centers accommodate
wheelchair users and caregivers. |
III. The 8 Goals of Universal Design: Desired Outcomes of
Inclusive Environments
The 8 Goals of Universal Design were developed by The IDEA
Center to define the measurable outcomes of Universal Design practice. While
the 7 Principles guide the how of design, the 8 Goals articulate the what
– the desired human-centered results that UD aims to achieve, extending beyond
physical accessibility to encompass broader human performance, health,
wellness, and social participation.3
Goal 1: Body Fit
Definition: Accommodating a wide range of body sizes
and abilities. This goal ensures that the design works with the uniqueness of
how each body operates, considering variations in height, weight, reach, and
mobility.3
Application & Examples in Public Contexts:
- Public
Buildings: An airport lounge providing various-sized seating options,
including chairs with removable armrests, accommodates diverse body types
and mobility needs.20
- Public
Facilities: Family restrooms in parks or community centers that
include full-size changing tables capable of accommodating adults ensure
dignity and comfort for individuals with significant mobility challenges
or their caregivers.5
- Events:
Adjustable-height tables at public workshops or registration desks allow
participants of different statures, or those using wheelchairs, to
comfortably engage.22
- Information:
Digital interfaces (e.g., public kiosks) that can be adjusted in display
height or zoom level to suit users with different visual needs or
standing/seated positions.22
This goal extends beyond traditional disability
accommodations to acknowledge the full spectrum of human physical diversity,
including age, temporary conditions like pregnancy or injury, and varying body
sizes. Examples like adult-sized changing tables or varied seating ensure
comfort and usability for the entire population, not just a specific subset.
Goal 2: Comfort
Definition: Keeping demands within desirable limits
of body function and perception, ensuring the space or product supports an
individual's ability to navigate or use it efficiently and without undue
strain.3
Application & Examples in Public Contexts:
- Public
Buildings: Hotel bathrooms equipped with grab bars and benches in
walk-in showers enhance comfort and safety for users with limited mobility
or balance.20
- Public
Facilities: Public parks incorporating thoughtful landscaping, shaded
areas, and strategically placed seating with backrests and armrests
provide comfortable resting spots, especially for seniors or families.9
- Events:
Designing event spaces with adequate sound attenuation and comfortable
ambient temperatures ensures a pleasant experience, minimizing sensory
overload or physical discomfort for attendees.9
- Information:
Providing information in clear, legible fonts with good contrast, and in
multiple formats (e.g., large print, audio, braille), reduces visual or
cognitive strain, making it more comfortable to process.24
This goal encompasses not just physical ease but also
sensory and psychological well-being. While the "Low Physical Effort"
principle addresses physical exertion, "Comfort" goes further by
creating an environment that feels good to be in, addressing factors like
temperature, light, and opportunities for rest. This contributes to a positive
emotional and sensory experience, enhancing overall well-being in public
spaces.
Goal 3: Awareness
Definition: Ensuring that critical information for
use is easily perceived and recognized without difficulty. This goes beyond
mere presentation to ensure the user truly registers and understands important
cues.3
Application & Examples in Public Contexts:
- Public
Buildings: Movie theaters using universally recognized symbols
(pictograms) for men's, women's, and family restrooms, in addition to
text, ensures quick and easy identification.20
- Public
Facilities: Public awareness campaigns promoting the benefits and
locations of universally designed features (e.g., accessible routes, quiet
spaces) within a community foster greater utilization and understanding.15
- Events:
Providing clear content or trigger warnings (e.g., for strobe lights, loud
sounds, sensitive topics) at the entrance or in program materials for an
event allows attendees to make informed decisions and prepare themselves.6
- Information:
Emergency signage that combines visual (blinking lights), auditory
(alarms), and tactile (vibrating alerts on mobile apps) cues ensures
critical evacuation information is perceived by individuals with various
sensory impairments.10
This goal emphasizes that information must not only be
perceptible (as per Principle 4) but also easily and universally understood.
The use of universal symbols, for instance, allows for immediate, intuitive
recognition across language and literacy barriers. This ensures that users are
aware of what they need to know, without effort or confusion, which is crucial
for independent navigation and participation in public life.
Goal 4: Understanding
Definition: Making methods of operation and use
intuitive, clear, and unambiguous. This goal ensures that people can easily
find their way, understand how to use building facilities (like intercoms or
lifts), and comprehend safety information.3
Application & Examples in Public Contexts:
- Public
Buildings/Facilities: College campuses implementing signage that uses
plain language, accessible written text with symbols, and sound features
(e.g., talking maps) assists with navigating the campus.20
- Public
Facilities: Level-entry (step-free) entrances inherently convey ease
of access and understanding, as all users can enter the same way without
needing to interpret complex instructions or seek alternative routes.14
- Events:
A public festival providing a clear, color-coded map with universally
understood icons for different zones, restrooms, and first aid stations,
helps attendees easily understand the layout and services.13
- Information:
Public transport apps that provide real-time information on accessible
routes, elevator statuses, and alternative options in clear, concise
language help users understand their travel choices.23
This goal ensures that the functionality and purpose of
public spaces and their elements are immediately clear, fostering user autonomy
and reducing reliance on external assistance or trial-and-error. By making
methods of operation and use intuitive and unambiguous, designs reduce
cognitive load, prevent frustration, and allow individuals to navigate and
utilize public services independently, enhancing their sense of control and
dignity.
Goal 5: Wellness
Definition: Contributing to health promotion,
avoidance of disease, and protection from hazards. This goal emphasizes
designing environments that support physical, mental, and emotional well-being.3
Application & Examples in Public Contexts:
- Public
Buildings: A local library designed with abundant natural lighting,
open spaces, and furniture configurations that encourage socialization and
connectedness, promotes mental well-being and reduces stress.20
- Public
Facilities: Parks and green spaces that are universally accessible
encourage physical activity by making it easier for more people to access
sidewalks, trails, and recreational facilities for exercise and
socializing.4
- Events:
Designing event venues with quiet rooms or sensory-friendly spaces
provides a refuge for individuals who may experience sensory overload,
contributing to their emotional wellness.10
- Information:
Public health campaigns that use clear, accessible visuals and language to
convey information about disease prevention or healthy behaviors, reaching
a broader audience effectively.24
This goal links design directly to public health outcomes,
recognizing that the built environment profoundly impacts physical activity,
mental well-being, and community health. It extends beyond mere safety to
active health promotion. By incorporating elements like natural light, sound
attenuation, and green spaces, Universal Design actively supports the health
and well-being of the entire community, reducing stress, encouraging movement,
and fostering social connection, marking a shift from merely preventing harm to
actively promoting flourishing.8
Goal 6: Social Integration
Definition: Treating all groups with dignity and
respect, fostering a sense of belonging and enabling full participation in
society. This goal aims to eliminate segregation and promote interaction.3
Application & Examples in Public Contexts:
- Public
Buildings: Inclusive spaces within buildings such as all-gender or
family restrooms, lactation rooms, and meditation rooms, ensure that
diverse groups feel respected and accommodated.10
- Public
Facilities: Public transportation systems that are fully accessible
(ramps, elevators, automatic doors) enable people with mobility
impairments to commute, attend social events, and live independently,
fostering social participation.7
- Events:
A park ranger making eye contact with a Deaf individual while a sign
language interpreter is present demonstrates respect and facilitates
direct communication, promoting social inclusion.20
- Information:
Public service announcements or community information portals that are
proactively inclusive in their language and imagery, avoiding stereotypes
and depicting a diverse range of people engaging in activities.32
This goal fosters a more cohesive and equitable society by
dismantling physical and social barriers. By creating spaces where everyone
feels valued, seen, and able to participate, Universal Design actively combats
segregation and promotes a richer, more diverse public life. This includes
considering gender dynamics, providing amenities for specific cultural
activities (like movable seating for communal gatherings), and using public
spaces to tell inclusive community stories, moving from individual access to
collective belonging.7
Goal 7: Personalization
Definition: Incorporating opportunities for choice
and the expression of individual preferences, allowing individuals to
independently make choices that fit their specific needs.3
Application & Examples in Public Contexts:
- Public
Buildings: A public library offering a variety of seating options
(e.g., ergonomic chairs, standing desks, beanbags) and adjustable lighting
in study areas allows users to personalize their comfort and work
environment.13
- Public
Facilities: A bowling alley's website designed to be navigable using a
computer mouse, keyboard, or screen reader empowers users to choose their
preferred method of interaction based on their abilities.20
- Events:
An event providing multiple formats for accessing information (e.g.,
printed program, QR code for digital version, audio guide) allows
attendees to personalize their information consumption.22
- Information:
Public digital displays that allow users to select their preferred
language, font size, or color contrast for viewing information.24
This goal empowers individuals by providing choices and
adaptability, recognizing that true inclusivity means respecting diverse
preferences and enabling independent action rather than a one-size-fits-all
approach. While a physical space might not be "personalized" for
every single person, it can offer options that allow users to choose what works
best for them, shifting the power dynamic and fostering a sense of ownership
and comfort.
Goal 8: Cultural Appropriateness
Definition: Respecting and reinforcing cultural
values, as well as the social and environmental contexts of any design project.
This ensures that designs resonate with and are welcoming to diverse cultural
groups.3
Application & Examples in Public Contexts:
- Public
Buildings: A restaurant allowing guests to view their online menu in
various languages demonstrates respect for linguistic diversity and
cultural backgrounds.20
- Public
Facilities: Public parks incorporating design elements, art
installations, or programming that reflect the cultural heritage and
traditions of the local community, such as movable social seating for
communal gatherings, ensure the space is culturally resonant.32
- Events:
A community event that provides multilingual interpretation and
incorporates diverse cultural performances and food options ensures
cultural appropriateness and broad appeal.6
- Information:
Public service announcements or historical markers that use branding,
wayfinding, and signage to tell the community's stories in a proactively
inclusive manner, acknowledging diverse histories and perspectives.32
This goal elevates Universal Design beyond functional access
to a level of deep contextual relevance. It ensures that public spaces not only
serve diverse populations but also genuinely reflect and celebrate their
cultural identities, fostering authenticity and belonging. This approach, which
involves designing with communities rather than just for them,
can lead to increased usage, stewardship, and a stronger sense of community
identity.
Goals as a Bridge to Broader Societal Impact
The 8 Goals represent a significant evolution from the 7
Principles by explicitly incorporating considerations for social participation,
human performance, and health and wellness.12 This positions
Universal Design not just as an architectural or product design methodology,
but as a powerful tool for community development and public health. Goals like
"Wellness," "Social Integration," and "Cultural
Appropriateness" move beyond the functional aspects of design to address
broader societal and human well-being outcomes. This expanded scope makes
Universal Design relevant to a wider array of stakeholders, including
policymakers, public health officials, and community leaders, not solely
designers.
Measurability and Accountability through Goals
The Goals were developed "to define the outcomes of
Universal Design practice in ways that can be measured".3 This
highlights the potential for the 8 Goals to serve as a framework for evaluating
the success of universal design initiatives. While specific metrics are not
detailed, the emphasis on measurable outcomes provides a basis for
accountability and demonstrates the return on investment for UD. This is
crucial for securing funding and political will for widespread adoption, as it
allows for a clear demonstration of the positive impact of inclusive design
efforts.
Table 2: The 8 Goals of Universal Design at a Glance
|
Goal |
Brief Definition |
Concise Example (Public Context) |
|
1. Body Fit |
Accommodating a wide range of body sizes and abilities. |
Airport seating with varying sizes and removable armrests
for diverse body types. |
|
2. Comfort |
Keeping demands within desirable limits of body function
and perception. |
Public parks with shaded areas and comfortable benches for
resting and relaxation. |
|
3. Awareness |
Ensuring that critical information for use is easily
perceived and recognized. |
Public restrooms marked with universal pictograms
alongside text and braille. |
|
4. Understanding |
Making methods of operation and use intuitive, clear, and
unambiguous. |
Campus signage using plain language, symbols, and sound
features for easy navigation. |
|
5. Wellness |
Contributing to health promotion, avoidance of disease,
and protection from hazards. |
Libraries designed with natural lighting and open spaces
to encourage social interaction. |
|
6. Social Integration |
Treating all groups with dignity and respect, fostering
belonging and participation. |
Accessible public transportation systems enabling
independent social and work commutes. |
|
7. Personalization |
Incorporating opportunities for choice and expression of
individual preferences. |
A public website allowing users to select their preferred
language, font size, or navigation method. |
|
8. Cultural Appropriateness |
Respecting and reinforcing cultural values and social
contexts. |
Public parks incorporating design elements or programming
reflecting local cultural heritage. |
IV. Principles vs. Goals: A Complementary Approach
Understanding the Distinction and Synergy
The 7 Principles of Universal Design, developed by the
Center for Universal Design at NCSU, serve as actionable guidelines for how
to design inclusively. They are the foundational rules or criteria that
designers can apply during the design process to ensure universal usability.3
These principles provide a practical framework for the physical and functional
characteristics of universally designed environments and products.
In contrast, the 8 Goals of Universal Design, developed by
The IDEA Center, represent the desired outcomes or measurable results of
applying universal design. They articulate the broader human-centered benefits
and societal impacts that UD aims to achieve.3 These goals extend
beyond purely physical accessibility to encompass aspects of human performance,
health, wellness, and social participation, offering a more holistic
perspective on the impact of inclusive design.12
While distinct, there is considerable overlap and synergy
between the principles and goals. The goals can be seen as an evolution or
update to the principles, incorporating broader considerations for social
participation, human performance, and health and wellness.12
Essentially, applying the principles diligently leads to the achievement of the
goals. For example, designing with "Low Physical Effort" (Principle
6) directly contributes to "Comfort" (Goal 2) and
"Wellness" (Goal 5). Similarly, "Perceptible Information"
(Principle 4) is crucial for achieving "Awareness" (Goal 3) and
"Understanding" (Goal 4).
The Interplay of Prescription and Aspiration
The relationship between principles as guidelines and goals
as outcomes reveals a comprehensive approach to design. Principles are
prescriptive, dictating what should be done in the design process, while goals
are aspirational, defining what should be achieved in terms of human experience
and societal benefit. This explicit distinction, coupled with the recognition
of their overlap and the goals' role in "updating" the principles,
signifies a dynamic and evolving framework for inclusive design.12
This dual framework provides a more robust and holistic
understanding of Universal Design. Designers can use the principles as a
practical checklist for implementation, ensuring that specific design features
are universally usable. Concurrently, the goals provide the overarching vision
and justification, reminding designers and stakeholders of the broader human
and societal impacts they are striving for. This interplay helps ensure that
design efforts are not just technically compliant but also meaningfully
impactful, driving towards a truly inclusive society. Furthermore, this dual
approach offers different entry points for engagement: designers might
primarily focus on the practical application of the principles, while
policymakers, community leaders, or funding bodies might prioritize the
achievement of the broader societal goals.
V. Conclusion: Building a Universally Designed Future
The Broader Benefits for Society
Universal Design is more than just a set of guidelines; it's
a powerful tool for creating a more inclusive, equitable, and functional
society for everyone. By proactively designing for the full spectrum of human
diversity, we move beyond reactive accommodations and create environments where
all individuals can participate fully and independently.1 This
proactive approach, embedded from the initial planning stages, prevents the
creation of barriers in the first place, leading to more seamless and dignified
experiences for all.
The benefits extend far beyond disability access, enhancing
the experience for parents navigating with strollers, older adults, individuals
with temporary limitations, and people from diverse linguistic and cultural
backgrounds.2 This broad applicability transforms Universal Design
from a specialized concern into a universal good, fostering improved public
health, greater social cohesion, and enhanced economic vitality within
communities.4 Critically, successful universal design is often
seamless and "invisible," integrating features so naturally that they
enhance the experience for everyone without calling attention to specific
needs.4 This elegant integration ensures that inclusive design is
simply perceived as good design, promoting a sense of normalcy and belonging
for all users.
Call to Action for Inclusive Public Environments
Implementing Universal Design requires a commitment from all
stakeholders—from planners and architects to policymakers, community leaders,
and facility managers. It means embedding inclusive thinking from the initial
planning stages through design, construction, and ongoing operations and
maintenance.9 This continuous engagement throughout a project's
lifecycle ensures that universal design principles are not an afterthought but
an integral part of the development process, leading to more effective and sustainable
outcomes.
By embracing the 7 Principles as a guide for how to
design and striving for the 8 Goals as desired outcomes of these
efforts, we can collectively build public buildings, facilities, events, and
information systems that are truly welcoming, functional, and dignified for
every member of our diverse society. This comprehensive approach ensures that
public spaces are not just accessible, but truly inclusive, fostering a richer
and more equitable experience for all.
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Analytics, https://www.numberanalytics.com/blog/designing-for-all-universal-design
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Universal Design, https://universaldesign.ie/uploads/publications/6-Facilities_2024-09-23-155749_tyhz.pdf
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Design at North Carolina State University, https://www.ejrcf.or.jp/jrtr/jrtr45/f32_dun.html
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University of Washington, https://www.washington.edu/accesscomputing/equal-access-universal-design-your-project
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